Managing Currency Risk: As an American Abroad, In What Currency Should I Save and Invest?

Part 1: Principles of Sound Currency Management

Introduction

Currency issues are often one of the most vexing and least well understood issues for investors. This is especially true for Americans abroad whose salaries and other income sources are often denominated in currencies other than U.S. Dollars (USD). The good news is that understanding how to properly incorporate currency considerations into a sound, long-term investment strategy is much easier than commonly understood. In this note we pull back the opaque veil of "currency risk" that clouds investment and financial planning decisions for Americans abroad. We sketch a few, easy to understand principles that all investors can use to guide choices around currency denomination of savings and investment. What is "currency risk" in investing and financial planning?

Generating good long-term investment results necessarily requires us to assume some risk. As investors, however, our goal should be to maximize investment returns without taking on more risk than is necessary to achieve those returns.

Large swings in currency exchange rates are one of the risks of investing. When we invest hard-earned savings into a portfolio of long-term investments of stocks, bonds and other kinds of investments, we expect to benefit from the anticipated long-term appreciation of those investments. Unfortunately, good investment results can be diminished or completely reversed by changes in the exchange rate between the currency denomination of our investments and the currency in which we pay our bills, educate our child, and retire. This is what we call "currency risk."

Reducing currency risk without giving up return potential

Currency risk can be reduced or eliminated without having to settle for lower investment returns. The key to successful management of currency risk is to focus on matching what we call "life assets" and "life liabilities." What do these terms mean?

Life Assets are financial investments and other assets that we accumulate through saving and investing (typically during our working years) with the expectation of drawing them down later in life.

Life Liabilities are the big expenses we expect to incur over our lifetimes such as buying a house, paying for a child’s education and, ultimately, retiring. We expect to pay these expenses by selling the "life assets" we have accumulated.

Both these "assets" and "liabilities" have a currency denomination. Stocks are denominated in the home country currency of the issuer (hence IBM shares are USD denominated and Siemens shares are euro denominated). Bonds, of course, have the currency denomination of whatever currency in which they promise to pay their interest and redeem their principle. Some assets, most notably commodities and gold, are not denominated in any currency; they are freely traded in many different markets and currencies around the world and their value is not linked to any particular country’s currency.

Americans abroad are most likely to find themselves suffering under the negative impact of currency risk when "life assets" accumulated to fund "life liabilities" are denominated in different currencies. As a simple example, we might imagine an American expat family in the UK that buys a five-year CD yielding 4% compounded in USD to fund their daughter’s first year of study at a British or American university. The daughter will begin at university in five years. At that time, the USD CD will have compounded to produce a 22% return. However, if in the meantime, the British Pound (BPS) has appreciated 22% against the USD, the investment gain in terms of BPS will be zero.

The appreciation of the pound against the dollar will have no negative consequences for the family’s university savings plan if the daughter attends a U.S. university. The investment will still have generated 22% more "university expense" buying power at the end of five years. Unfortunately, if the daughter chooses a U.K. university, where tuition and other expenses will have to be paid in BPS, the appreciation of the pound over the five years will effectively offset the increase in the value of the USD CD investment. As a result, the actual buying power of the investment, measured in BPS, will be the same at the end of the five years as it was at the beginning of the five years.

This example makes it clear that if the family had known in advance that their daughter would be attending a UK university, they would have wanted to purchase a BPS 4% 5-year CD. If they had done so, they would have made an investment that provided 22% more "university expense" buying power in the UK. The appreciation of the pound against the dollar would have had no impact on their university savings plan.

In this case, the two CDs were fundamentally different investments. The investment "asset" needed to be "matched" with the university expense "liability" and if this had been done correctly, currency risk would have been eliminated from the family’s university savings plan.

From this stylized education savings example we can extrapolate to an expat family’s entire financial life. Thinking through the currency denomination of all our "life liabilities" is the starting point for choosing the currency denomination of our investment portfolios. It follows, therefore, that if we expect to live in Europe for five years on an expat assignment but then return to the U.S. where we will live the rest of our lives, educate our child and retire, then our investment "assets" should be primarily USD denominated. Our investment portfolio should be heavily oriented towards U.S. stocks and bonds, even though we are temporarily living in Europe. In this way we are matching our "liabilities" with our "assets." On the other hand, if we expect to remain permanently in Europe, then our "liabilities" will be primarily euro denominated, and we therefore need to anchor our investment portfolio around euro denominated stocks and bonds. In both scenarios, however, a properly diversified portfolio will still include significant investments in both euros and USD.

Hedging against an uncertain geography

Of course it is quite common today for many international individuals and families to have no clear idea where they will end up or how long they will be there. In such cases, we have to make projections based on the most likely possible scenarios and then build a portfolio that is still highly diversified across a variety of currencies so that our career and retirement decisions are not constrained by large changes in relative currency valuations. We want to avoid being "tied" to one currency if our geographical future, and hence also our "life liabilities," are uncertain.

But do I not need to protect myself from a declining dollar?

We often hear Americans abroad express deep skepticism about the outlook for the Dollar. As a result, they often seek out "currency" investment schemes that promise profit for the investor in the event that the dollar declines. When analyzing such schemes, however, it is extremely important to understand that currencies, unlike stocks or bonds, are a zero sum investment game: for one currency to appreciate, another one must depreciate. Betting on currencies, therefore, is truly akin to gambling because the random odds are that you will lose more than half the time once the middleman (the broker selling you the "currency" investment) has taken his cut. Investments in stocks and bonds, on the other hand, all tend to appreciate over time. For one stock to go up, another one does not have to go down.

Furthermore, we caution against taking any strong view about "inevitable" outcomes in the currency market. Currency valuations are extremely hard to predict and are determined in large part by many random and unknowable future economic outcomes. It is wiser to structure your currency exposure using the framework of "assets" and "liabilities" outlined above. If the dollar does go into a period of long decline and you are planning on living in Europe, a proper euro centered portfolio of investments will protect you. On the other hand, if you are returning to the United States, then you will find that you are relatively insulated from the decline of the dollar by virtue of the fact that most of the goods and services you will be purchasing will be dollar denominated and therefore the decline of the dollar will have very little impact on your real economic circumstances.