Yemen, officially known as the Republic of Yemen, is a country located at the southern end of the Arabian Peninsula in Western Asia. It is bordered by Saudi Arabia to the north, the Red Sea to the west, the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Aden to the south, and Oman to the east. Yemen's territory encompasses more than 200 islands, including the largest, Socotra. Sana'a is the capital and largest city of Yemen, and it is one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world. The country has a rich history, having been part of the ancient kingdoms of Sheba and Himyar, and later coming under the control of the Ottomans and British before achieving unification in 1990. Yemen's landscape is diverse, featuring arid deserts, fertile valleys, and impressive mountain ranges that rise to over 3,000 meters. The country's climate varies from region to region, with the coastal areas experiencing a hot and humid climate, while the highlands have a more temperate climate. Yemen is known for its historical sites, such as the Old City of Sana'a, with its stunning architecture and multi-story buildings made of rammed earth, and the ancient city of Shibam, often referred to as the "Manhattan of the Desert" for its impressive mud-brick skyscrapers. The country has been facing significant challenges in recent years, including political instability, conflict, and humanitarian crises. Since 2014, Yemen has been embroiled in a civil war that has caused widespread destruction and led to one of the world's worst humanitarian disasters. The conflict has severely impacted the economy, healthcare, and infrastructure, leading to shortages of food, water, and medical supplies. Despite these challenges, Yemen remains a country with a rich cultural heritage and a resilient population. Its society is tribal in nature, with strong family and community ties. Traditional arts and crafts, such as silverwork, textiles, and pottery, continue to be important aspects of Yemeni culture. The country is also known for its production of Mocha coffee, named after the port city of Mocha, which was once a major center for coffee trade. Yemen's natural beauty, from the pristine beaches of Socotra Island to the terraced fields of the Haraz Mountains, continues to attract adventurous travelers, although tourism has been significantly affected by the ongoing conflict. The country's biodiversity is notable, with a range of endemic species found nowhere else on Earth. Yemen's future remains uncertain, but its people continue to strive for peace and stability.